Navigating Violence: Learning from Civilian Experiences and Strengthening Humanitarian Action in Contested Territories

As of October 2025, the ICRC estimates that 204 million people live in areas controlled or contested by armed groups – 30 million more than in 2021. In many such areas, violence, fear, and fragmented governance define people’s daily lives. Coping often implies harrowing trade-offs – from complying with armed group rules to hiding family members or keeping children home from school.
Based on research carried out in Cameroon, Iraq and the Philippines, ICRC experience and a literature survey, this policy report explores the challenges and dynamics that shape people’s lives in areas with multiple and competing armed actors. It outlines effective ways of strengthening humanitarian responses for people living in these areas and makes an urgent call to prioritize their protection.